The –10 consensus sequence, called the TATA box, is TATAAT. At the –10 and –35 positions within the DNA prior to the initiation site (designated +1), there are two promoter consensus sequences, or regions that are similar across all promoters and across various bacterial species. Although promoter sequences vary among bacterial genomes, a few elements are conserved. In most cases, promoters are located just upstream of the genes they regulate. Nucleotides preceding the initiation site are designated “upstream,” whereas nucleotides following the initiation site are called “downstream” nucleotides. The nucleotide pair in the DNA double helix that corresponds to the site from which the first 5′ RNA nucleotide is transcribed is the initiation site. The initiation of transcription begins at a promoter, a DNA sequence onto which the transcription machinery binds and initiates transcription. There are various σ factors that allow for transcription of various genes. The σ factor enables RNA polymerase to bind to a specific promoter, thus allowing for the transcription of various genes. coli, RNA polymerase comprises six polypeptide subunits, five of which compose the polymerase core enzyme responsible for adding RNA nucleotides to a growing strand. During transcription, a ribonucleotide complementary to the DNA template strand is added to the growing RNA strand and a covalent phosphodiester bond is formed by dehydration synthesis between the new nucleotide and the last one added. One critical difference in activity between DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase is the requirement for a 3′-OH onto which to add nucleotides: DNA polymerase requires such a 3′-OH group, thus necessitating a primer, whereas RNA polymerase does not. Like DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase adds nucleotides one by one to the 3′-OH group of the growing nucleotide chain. Transcription in Bacteriaīacteria use the same RNA polymerase to transcribe all of their genes. The only difference is that in RNA, all of the T nucleotides are replaced with U nucleotides during RNA synthesis, U is incorporated when there is an A in the complementary antisense strand. The RNA product is complementary to the template strand of DNA and is almost identical to the nontemplate DNA strand, or the sense strand. Transcription of a particular gene always proceeds from one of the two DNA strands that acts as a template, the so-called antisense strand. The unwound region is called a transcription bubble. Transcription in prokaryotes and in eukaryotes requires the DNA double helix to partially unwind in the region of RNA synthesis. The resulting single-stranded RNA molecule, composed of ribonucleotides containing the bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U), acts as a mobile molecular copy of the original DNA sequence. Distinguish between transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotesĭuring the process of transcription, the information encoded within the DNA sequence of one or more genes is transcribed into a strand of RNA, also called an RNA transcript.Explain how RNA is synthesized using DNA as a template.
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